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BAVARIA 38
"Darija"
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Depths
The shallowest part of our sea is in Istria, where the depth does not exceed
50 metres. From Pula, the seabed mildly drops, making a long, narrow valley
which extends from Zirje towards Italy which is called Jabucka kotlina. The
biggest depth there is about 240 metres. From Jabucka kotlina, the bottom
rises to Palagruza reef where the biggest depth is 130 metres. Towards the
south, the bottom drops steeply towards the Juznojadranska dolina, where the
biggest measured depth is about 1,300 metres.
Seabed
The appearance of the underwater relief is the consequence of tectonic
movements, abrasion or erosion which were active several million years ago, in
times when certain parts of the seabed were land or the coastal area. Uneven
areas on the bottom are constantly reduced by sedimentation of detritus from
the land. That process is slow, but constant.
Tides
In the Adriatic, the high and low tides have relatively small amplitudes.
In the southern part, the difference is rarely above some forty centimetres,
while in the northern part it is somewhat bigger, so that it comes to 1 metre
in Istria and the Gulf of Trieste. In some narrow channels and bays, the high
tide can grow considerably during a strong sirocco. That phenomenon is
characteristic for big and deep bays of the southern Adriatic. The tides are
of a mixed type, which means that their rhythm is semidiurnal during the new
and full moon, and of a daily type during the first and the last quarter.
Their amplitudes are very irregular.
Sea Currents
Sea currents occur under the influence of winds, the difference in pressure,
temperature, and the differences in salinity. With respect to the direction,
they can be horizontal or vertical. There are also bottom currents which
appear as the consequence of moving of water from warmer areas to colder ones,
during which the surface layer gets cold and descends towards the seabed.
Currents are weakly observable in the Adriatic.The speed of currents changes
in particular areas, but it also depends on time periods. The average speed of
currents is about 0.5 knots, but they can also reach the speed of 4 knots.
Salinity of Sea
The total quantity of salt dissolved in one kilogram of sea water is called
salinity, which is usually expressed in grams and as the permillage. The
salinity of the Adriatic Sea is 38.30 per mill averagely, i.e. there is 38.30
g of salt dissolved in 1 kg of water. In the northern part, the salinity is
somewhat lower than in the middle and southern part because of the influence
of the Po River.
Sea Temperature
The Adriatic Sea has a very marked annual change of the surface
temperature. The average annual temperature is 11°C. During the winter, the
sea is the coldest and the surface temperature is about 7°C; very seldom, it
can drop below that too. In the spring, the sea becomes warmer, and the
surface temperature rises to 18°C. In the summer the surface of the sea
reaches a very high temperature, of up to 22 to 25°C, and in the southern
Adriaticand Istria up to 27°C. In the Adriatic, thermoclines, i.e. parts of
the water column of the same temperature, are very well distinguished. The
thermocline is most evident during the summer, and, in the winter, the
isothermal process arises, i.e. equaling of the temperature throughout the
water column. In the summer, we can notice the first thermocline at the depth
of 3 to 5 metres, the next one is at about 12 metres, and yet another one at
18 metres, while below 30 metres the temperature is mostly constant throughout
the year.
Waves in the Adriatic
Waves occur primarily as the consequence of the blowing of winds. The bigger
the reach, i.e. the surface across which the wind blows, the higher the waves
will be. Their strength depends on the configuration and the exposure of the
coast. In that way, mixing of the surface layer with water from the deep is
enabled, and the interaction between the atmosphere and the sea. We
distinguish the crest and the trough of a wave. The length of the wave is the
distance between two troughs. Most often, heights of waves in the Adriatic are
between 0.5 and 1.5 metres, and they very rarely exceed 5 metres
Climate
The climate at the Adriatic is typically a
Mediterranean one, with mild rainy winters, and hot and dry summers. The air
temperature changes depending on the area. Thus, summer temperatures in July
will be about 34°C in the northern part, while in the southern part Sthey will
rise even to 38°C. In the winter, the coldest temperatures are noticed in the
northern Adriatic (up to -16°C), while they will not have exceeded 6°C in the
southern part.
Winds
At the Adriatic Sea, the bora, sirocco and
north-western wind blow most often.
Bora
Bora (Cro.: bura) is a
dry, cold downward wind blowing in bursts from the north-northeast to the
east-northeast direction. The direction in which the wind blows is mostly
influenced by the configuration of the shore. The strength of bora is
explained by the existence of warm air over the surface of the sea, and a cold
layer of air above mountain ranges in the littoral, which cause a strong
streaming due to equating of the pressure. Cold air tends to fill the void
which occurs due to the rising of the warm (lighter) air from the sea surface.
Bora blows mostly in the winter. In the summer, it usually lasts for a day or
several hours, while, in the winter, it can blow as long as 14 days.
Sirocco
Sirocco (Cro.: jugo, siroko or silok) is a warm
and moist wind which blows from the direction east-southeast to
south-southwest. Its consequences are high waves and rain. Sirocco is a
characteristic wind for the southern Adriatic, where it blows longer and
stronger than in the northern part. In the summer, it usually blows as long as
3 days, and in the winter even as long as 3 weeks. The signs of the oncoming
sirocco are the calm at the sea, weak changeable winds, dimness of the
horizon, the increase of the temperature and moisture, and the gradual
decrease of the pressure. Waves from the direction of the southeast become
bigger.
Landward Breeze
The landward breeze (Cro.: maestral, maestral,
smorac) is a daily, thermic wind blowing from the direction of the northwest,
and occurs as the consequence of the difference in the speed of warming
up of the land and the sea. It is present from the spring to the autumn, and,
during the day, it often changes the direction of blowing. The landward breeze
is more present in the southern Adriatic than in the northern Adriatic, and it
starts to blow earlier there.
Stiff Breeze
The stiff breeze (Cro.: burin) is a wind
blowing contrary to the landward breeze. It blows during the night from the
direction of the north, north-east in the northern Adriatic, and in the
southern Adriatic, from the east or south-east. It is the strongest before the
dawn, and after that it stops soon.
Data About
Weather
Weather forecasts are made by the State
Hydrometeorological Institute, and they can be heard on VHF frequencies of
coastal radio stations and harbor master's offices. They are also broadcast on
FM stations or at the end of the news or within broadcasts for seamen. Harbor
master's offices constantly send weather reports and warnings on their VHF
operating channels, in four languages. It is possible to get forecasts with
the presentation of the synoptical situation in all the marinas and harbor
offices.
Nautical Radio
Service and Communications Service
The whole of the Croatian coast is covered by
radio communications rather well. The radio service for protection of human
lives and safety of navigation is provided by Plovput from Split, through
radio stations Split and Dubrovnik, which cover the southern Adriatic, and
Rijeka, which covers the northern part of our sea. According to the standards
of the GMDSS system (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System), the channel
for automated receipt of digitalized distress calls is the channel 70, after
which the communication is transferred to the operating channel of the coastal
station, i.e. a harbor master's office (16 or 10). GMDSS system has been in
use since 1 st February 1999, and on the present VHF channel for distress
calls, the channel 16, constant listening will be possible still for some more
time. For a direct call to a harbor master's office, the channel 10 is used.
In Croatia, there are three commercial systems of wireless telephony: mobile
phone 099, Cronet 098 and VipNet 091.
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